Issue 3

Transferable skills in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and vocational teacher education (VTE): Policies and implementation

Editorial Issue 3: Transferable skills in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and vocational teacher education (VTE): Policies and implementation

Editorial Issue 3: Transferable skills in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and vocational teacher education (VTE): Policies and implementation

Full issue 3
It is widely acknowledged that the world of work is changing. Technical and vocational education and training (TVET), however, largely continues to follow a traditional model developed in the 19th century which used to prepare youth for industrial work. As some economies in the Asia-Pacific are becoming knowledge-based, there is growing recognition of the mismatch between skills taught in TVET and skills needed in the labour markets. As a result, transferable skills are increasingly seen as a missing link between education and training and the world of work.

But what are transferable skills? There are different understandings and conceptualizations of these skills across countries but in general transferable skills refer to a number of important competencies (communication, problem-solving, collaboration skills, etc.) that can be learned and can help people to make transitions between education levels, education and the world of work, as well as within and between sectors. They are non-occupation specific skills that can give workers the comparative advantage in an increasingly interconnected and competitive world of work. 

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About TVET@Asia


TVET@Asia is an open content online journal for scientists and practitioners in the field of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and Vocational Teacher Education (VTE) in the East and Southeast- Asian region.

Its main purpose is to provide access to peer reviewed papers and thus to enhance the dissemination of relevant content and the initiation of open discussions within the TVET community.

Transferable skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Brunei Darussalam

In Brunei Darussalam, transferable skills are called life skills (previously known as common skills). These skills have been integrated in the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system for more than 12 years. This article explains the status of their implementation (perception among stakeholders and the approach taken to integrating these skills in teaching and learning) based on document analysis and interviews with 25 administrators, teachers, curriculum developers, government officials and experts. The interviews explored respondents’ involvement in, and experience of, integrating transferable skills in TVET according to their respective roles. Using content analysis, this article highlights key findings which respond to research questions on the current status of implementation, remaining issues and challenges, and areas for improvement in the field of transferable skills.

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Transferable skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Implications for TVET teacher policies in Australia

This article is based on research and detailed empirical work that has been conducted in Australia in the area of transferable skills. The article will review the issues related to transferable skills in the vocational education and training (VET) sector from a historical perspective. Included in the discus­sion are details of recent and current policy development. A commentary is provided on many of the challenges of policy implementation in the current environment. There has been considerable re­search into this issue in Australia, and it is hoped that this article will assist in a broader understanding of the issues surrounding transferable skills.

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Transferable skills education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Republic of Korea

Recently the government of the Republic of Korea (RoK) has tried to transform TVET, from  job-specific skill education and  training for specific groups, such as vocational school students,  to a broader form of  vocational competency educationapplicable for all young  adults in the country. While a systematic approach to transferable skills (TS) has not yet been fully developed in RoK, there have been a number of attempts at TS education from a variety of diverse perspectives.The Vocatio­nal Basic Competence (VBC) in the Korean National Competence Standards (KNCS), Korean Collegiate Essential Skills Assessment (K-CESA), and Career Development Competency (CDC) education  are the most prominent examples of  TS education programs which have been undertaken in RoK.

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Transferable skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Implications for TVET teacher policies in Indonesia

Transferable skills are an essential part of the desirable outcomes of vocational education and have therefore become the focus of the Indonesian vocational education system. The concept is expressed through different terms, such as life skill education, but is still poorly developed in Indonesia. The available educational regulations provide neither a clear definition nor specific instructional guidelines, which would enable educators to translate the concept into practice. In fact, different approaches have been taken to integrating the transferable skills concept into vocational education in Indonesia, such as structuring and restructuring of several competencies within the frequently-reformed vocational curriculum.

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Transferable skills in Japan: recent cases of policies and practices

The concept of transferable skills has only recently been introduced in Japan. While elements contained in the concept of transferable skills are not entirely new, efforts to package them, design and implement them in a systematic way are relatively new. In addition, a clear and common understanding of the concept itself, as well as a coherent implementation strategy that is agreed on by stakeholders, is yet to be developed. This article introduces recent discussions on transferable skills in the policy arena, presents some examples of policy implementation, a private initiative and the practice of a public specialized high school, and summarizes key findings and presents implications for policy and practice.

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“Yes, I can!” – The potential of action-oriented teaching for enhanced learner-centered education in Indonesian vocational schools

Indonesia’s large workforce is both a chance and a challenge. As a strategy against the skill mismatch between labour supply and demand, the government continues its efforts to increase school participation rates and invests in school infrastructure. As new industries develop and national and international labour mobility increases, graduates of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) need competencies that can be applied in changing work contexts. In 2012, the Indonesian Qualification Framework was introduced as a starting point for competency-based education and training in Indonesia. The question now is how to ultimately transfer these targets into teaching practice.

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Web-supported pedagogies for self-directed learning and transferable skills in Vietnam

In the last decade, various measures have been put in place to transform the Vietnamese technical and vocational education and training (TVET) system from a supply-driven into a demand-driven one. For that purpose, a legal framework and a quality assurance system have been established, the network of TVET institutions has been enlarged and the teacher training system has been adapted to strengthen the technical and pedagogical skill needs.

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Transferable skills in technical and vocational education and training (TVET): Policy and practice in China

This paper focuses on policies related to transferable skills in the TVET sector of China. It introduces the concept of transferable skills in the Chinese context and related policies of the Chinese govern¬ment. On the teaching and learning level, Chinese vocational institutes have launched serial reforms to enhance teaching quality and to train students in the area of transferable skills. Teachers’ practical skills and vocational qualifications are also given importance in national teacher training.  The Chinese government is highly supportive of the development of vocational education, and has placed importance on the training of vocational education teachers. However, vocational education teachers still need to improve their ability to impart transferable skills in TVET.

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Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Training providers’, employers’, instructors’ and trainees’ attitudes to generic/employability skills in Bhutan

The importance of vocational education and training has been recognized since mid-1960s (Ministry of Labour & Human Resources 2006). Reforms in the technical vocational education and training (TVET) system have initiated a momentous shift to a knowledge-based economy (Teh & Pendergast 2009). On the other hand, youth unemployment in Bhutan has raised concerns of a potential mismatch between workplace demands and the skills of young people leaving formal education. Today TVET is expected to equip graduates not just with technical and vocational skills but also with generic/employability skills, which are increasingly important in preparing them for employment and for work advancement (The Young Foundation 2012).

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Further training in occupational skills for vocational teachers: the case of metal cutting in Malaysia

The current pre-service training undertaken by Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) teachers in higher learning institutions cannot be expected to provide adequate occupational skills. Thus further additional training is necessary to raise the vocational competence of TVET teachers. The purpose of this article is to discuss the current provisions for further training under the Malaysian Ministry of Education’s (MoE) TVET system. The discussion presented in this article is one of the outputs of a Regional Cooperation Platform (RCP) project that evaluates the curriculum for further training in occupational skills for vocational teachers with a particular focus on the field of metal cutting. Document analysis, focus group discussions and interviews were conducted to gather data for this project.

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Learning transfers in training institutions and the workplace in Malaysia

The development of quality human resources is the focus of the Government Transformation Plan (2010). Thus, it is estimated that organizations and institutions spend a large amount of money on workforce training annually. In general, however, less than 20 percent of the knowledge and skills acquired in training are actually applied in workplaces (Devos et al. 2007; Leimbach 2010). This leads to a limited application of new skills and results in the loss of funds invested in training programs, and could also contribute to the mismatch between job preparation and labour market needs.

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From zero to hero: Becoming an employable knowledge worker (k-worker) in Malaysia

In the 10th Malaysian Plan 2010-2015, the Government of Malaysia emphasized the mainstreaming of vocational education in its pursuit to transform Malaysia into a high-income developed nation by 2020. To achieve this vision, Malaysia needs more skilled and semi-skilled workers to become knowledge workers (k-workers). The 9th Malaysian Plan indicates that only 28 per cent of the populations in Malaysia are highly skilled workers. To meet the emerging skill requirements for k-workers, vocational education needs to be transformed to equip trainees with requisite skills. Past studies show that in Malaysia there is a gap between the skills learned in training institutions and skills required by employers. However, there are no studies and no model that explores the development process of employability skills in training institutions and the industry. To address this issue, we used a mixed research method (e.g. questionnaire, employability skills survey and grounded theory) to explore the formation of skills in training institutions. The results showed a high level of employability skills among trainees but also the need to consider a number of supporting factors to ensure that skills learned can be applied in the work context.

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